Python Operator for Class XI BASIC TO ADVANCE Session 2024-2025

In Python, operators are special symbols or keywords used to perform operations on values and variables. They can be categorized into several types:

1. Arithmetic Operators

Used to perform mathematical operations:

• + : Addition
• - : Subtraction
• * : Multiplication
• / : Division
• % : Modulus (remainder of division)
• ** : Exponentiation (power)
• // : Floor Division (division that rounds down to the nearest integer)

Example:

a = 10
b = 3

addition = a + b        # 13
subtraction = a - b     # 7
multiplication = a * b  # 30
division = a / b        # 3.333...
modulus = a % b         # 1
exponentiation = a ** b # 1000
floor_division = a // b # 3

2. Comparison Operators

Used to compare two values:

• == : Equal to
• != : Not equal to
• > : Greater than
• < : Less than
• >= : Greater than or equal to
• <= : Less than or equal to

Example:

a = 10
b = 3

equal = (a == b)         # False
not_equal = (a != b)     # True
greater_than = (a > b)   # True
less_than = (a < b)      # False
greater_equal = (a >= b) # True
less_equal = (a <= b)    # False

3. Logical Operators

Used to combine conditional statements:

• and : Logical AND
• or : Logical OR
• not : Logical NOT

Example:

a = True
b = False

and_result = a and b  # False
or_result = a or b    # True
not_result = not a    # False

4. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables:

• = : Assign
• += : Add and assign
• -= : Subtract and assign
• *= : Multiply and assign
• /= : Divide and assign
• %= : Modulus and assign
• **= : Exponentiation and assign
• //= : Floor division and assign

Example:

a = 10
a += 3  # a = a + 3, now a is 13
a -= 2  # a = a - 2, now a is 11
a *= 2  # a = a * 2, now a is 22
a /= 4  # a = a / 4, now a is 5.5

5. Bitwise Operators

Used to perform operations on binary numbers:

• & : Bitwise AND
• | : Bitwise OR
• ^ : Bitwise XOR
• ~ : Bitwise NOT
• << : Left shift
• >> : Right shift

Example:

a = 10  # 1010 in binary
b = 3   # 0011 in binary

bitwise_and = a & b  # 0010, which is 2
bitwise_or = a | b   # 1011, which is 11
bitwise_xor = a ^ b  # 1001, which is 9
bitwise_not = ~a     # -(a+1), which is -11
left_shift = a << 1  # 10100, which is 20
right_shift = a >> 1 # 0101, which is 5

6. Membership Operators

Used to test if a sequence contains an item:

• in : Returns True if a sequence contains the specified item
• not in : Returns True if a sequence does not contain the specified item

Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
is_in = 3 in numbers      # True
is_not_in = 6 not in numbers # True

7. Identity Operators

Used to compare the memory locations of two objects:

• is : Returns True if both variables are the same object
• is not : Returns True if both variables are not the same object

Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = [1, 2, 3]

is_same = a is b     # True, b references the same object as a
is_not_same = a is c # False, a and c are different objects even though they contain the same dat