Informatics Practice 150 Viva Question for Upcoming Practical Examination 2025-2026

 Informatics Practice Viva Question for Upcoming Practical Examination 2025-2026

SECTION 1 — PYTHON BASICS (20 Questions)

1. What is Python?

A high-level, interpreted programming language.

2. What is indentation in Python?

Space at the beginning of a line used to define code blocks.

3. What is a variable?

A name that stores a value.

4. What is type casting?

Changing variable type (e.g., int → float).

5. What is a function?

A block of reusable code.

6. What is the purpose of return?

It sends a value back from a function.

7. What is a module?

A Python file containing functions or classes.

8. What is a library?

A collection of modules.

9. What is syntax error?

Error due to incorrect structure of code.

10. What is runtime error?

Error during program execution.

11. What is exception handling?

Catching or handling errors using try-except.

12. What does import do?

Brings a module into a program.

13. What is list?

A mutable ordered collection of items.

14. What is tuple?

An immutable ordered sequence.

15. What is a dictionary?

A key-value data structure.

16. How to access dictionary values?

Using dict[key].

17. What is a loop?

A structure to repeat code.

18. What does break do?

Exits loop immediately.

19. What does continue do?

Skips current iteration.

20. Difference between = and ==?

= is assignment, == is comparison.

SECTION 2 — PANDAS (35 Questions)

21. What is Pandas?

A Python library for data manipulation and analysis.

22. What is a DataFrame?

A 2D labeled data structure like a table.

23. What is a Series?

1D labeled array.

24. How to create DataFrame?

Using pd.DataFrame().

25. How to read CSV file?

pd.read_csv("file.csv").

26. How to display first 5 rows?

df.head().

27. How to display last 5 rows?

df.tail().

28. What does df.info() show?

Column names, datatypes, memory usage.

29. What does df.describe() do?

Shows statistical summary.

30. How to check missing values?

df.isnull().

31. How to drop missing values?

df.dropna().

32. How to fill missing values?

df.fillna(value).

33. What is groupby() used for?

Grouping and aggregating data.

34. What does axis=0 mean?

Operation on rows.

35. What does axis=1 mean?

Operation on columns.

36. What does df.shape return?

Tuple of (rows, columns).

37. How to add new column?

df["new"] = values.

38. How to delete a column?

df.drop("col", axis=1).

39. What is loc?

Label-based selection.

40. What is iloc?

Index-based selection.

41. How to sort data?

df.sort_values("column").

42. What is concatenation?

Combining DataFrames vertically or horizontally.

43. Function for concatenation?

pd.concat().

44. What is merging?

Joining DataFrames based on key columns.

45. Function for merging?

pd.merge().

46. What is correlation?

Relationship between numerical columns.

47. How to find correlation?

df.corr().

48. How to rename columns?

df.rename(columns={}).

49. What is df.dtypes?

Shows datatypes of columns.

50. What is vectorization?

Performing operations on entire arrays at once.

SECTION 3 — DATA VISUALIZATION (20 Questions)

51. What is matplotlib?

A Python library for data visualization.

52. What is pyplot?

A module in matplotlib used for plotting.

53. How to import pyplot?

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt.

54. What is a line plot?

A graph showing trends over time.

55. What does plt.plot() do?

Creates a line graph.

56. What is a bar graph?

Graph using rectangular bars to compare categories.

57. How to create bar chart?

plt.bar(x, y).

58. What is a histogram?

Graph showing frequency distribution.

59. How to create histogram?

plt.hist(data).

60. What is scatter plot?

Graph showing relationship between two variables.

61. What is xlabel()?

Sets x-axis label.

62. What is ylabel()?

Sets y-axis label.

63. What is title()?

Sets title of graph.

64. What is legend?

Used to identify plotted lines.

65. How to show legend?

plt.legend().

66. What does plt.show() do?

Displays the plot.

67. What is subplot()?

Used to display multiple plots.

68. What is xlim() and ylim()?

Sets limits of axes.

69. What is figure size?

Size of plotting window.

70. What does plt.grid() do?

Shows grid lines.

SECTION 4 — SQL (35 Questions)

71. What is SQL?

Structured Query Language for managing databases.

72. What is DBMS?

Database Management System.

73. What is RDBMS?

Relational DBMS storing data in tables.

74. What is a table?

A structure containing rows and columns.

75. What is a field?

Column in a table.

76. What is a record?

Row in a table.

77. What is a primary key?

Unique identifier.

78. What is a foreign key?

Key linking two tables.

79. What is CREATE TABLE?

Creates a new table.

80. What is DROP TABLE?

Deletes table permanently.

81. What is ALTER TABLE?

Modifies table structure.

82. What is DDL?

Data Definition Language.

83. What is DML?

Data Manipulation Language.

84. What is TCL?

Transaction Control Language.

85. What does INSERT do?

Inserts new rows.

86. What does UPDATE do?

Modifies existing rows.

87. What does DELETE do?

Removes rows.

88. What does SELECT do?

Retrieves data.

89. What is WHERE?

Filters records.

90. What is ORDER BY?

Sorts data.

91. What is GROUP BY?

Groups rows based on column.

92. What is HAVING?

Filters groups.

93. Difference between WHERE & HAVING?

WHERE → before grouping
HAVING → after grouping

94. What is JOIN?

Combines rows from multiple tables.

95. Types of JOINs?

INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL.

96. What is pattern matching?

Using LIKE operator.

97. What is % wildcard?

Matches many characters.

98. What is _ wildcard?

Matches one character.

99. What is DISTINCT?

Removes duplicate rows.

100. What is an aggregate function?

Function performing calculation on multiple rows.

101. Examples of aggregate functions?

SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT.

102. What is subquery?

Query inside another query.

103. What is view?

Virtual table based on query.

104. What is normalization?

Organizing data to remove redundancy.

105. What is NOT NULL constraint?

Ensures column cannot be empty.

SECTION 5 — NETWORKING (30 Questions)

106. What is a network?

Connected devices sharing resources.

107. What is a node?

Any device in a network.

108. What is bandwidth?

Maximum data transfer capacity.

109. What is latency?

Time taken for data transfer.

110. What is LAN?

Local Area Network.

111. What is WAN?

Wide Area Network.

112. What is MAN?

Metropolitan Area Network.

113. What is PAN?

Personal Area Network.

114. What is Wi-Fi?

Wireless network technology.

115. What is Bluetooth?

Short-range wireless communication.

116. What is IP address?

Unique address of device on network.

117. Types of IP addresses?

IPv4 and IPv6.

118. What is MAC address?

Unique hardware address.

119. What is router?

Connects multiple networks.

120. What is switch?

Connects devices in LAN.

121. What is hub?

Broadcasts data to all devices.

122. What is modem?

Converts digital to analog signals.

123. What is protocol?

Set of communication rules.

124. Example of protocols?

HTTP, FTP, SMTP.

125. What is DNS?

Converts domain names to IP addresses.

126. What is firewall?

Security device blocking unauthorized access.

127. What is encryption?

Converting readable data to unreadable form.

128. What is decryption?

Converting back to readable data.

129. What is cloud computing?

Storing and accessing data online.

130. What is packet switching?

Splitting data into packets.

131. What is topology?

Network layout.

132. Types of topologies?

Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh.

133. What is bandwidth?

Data transfer rate.

134. What is HTTP?

HyperText Transfer Protocol.

135. What is HTTPS?

Secure version of HTTP.

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SECTION 6 — SOCIETAL IMPACTS (10 Questions)

136. What is cybercrime?

Crime committed using computers.

137. What is cyberbullying?

Harassment using digital platforms.

138. What is digital footprint?

Data left by user online.

139. What is plagiarism?

Copying someone's work without credit.

140. What is IPR?

Intellectual Property Rights.

141. What is open-source software?

Software with publicly available source code.

142. What is digital divide?

Gap between technology users and non-users.

143. What is e-waste?

Discarded electronic devices.

144. What are cookies?

Small files storing user data.

145. What is two-factor authentication?

Two-step verification for security.

146. What is phishing?

Fake messages/websites to steal data.

147. What is malware?

Malicious software.

148. Types of malware?

Virus, worm, trojan, spyware.

149. What is data breach?

Unauthorized leakage of data.

150. What is digital signature?

Electronic verification of identity.